texas holdem preflop odds. Essential guide to poker odds. texas holdem preflop odds

 
 Essential guide to poker oddstexas holdem preflop odds 452%

You will improve it on the turn: 8*2=16% and real poker odds are around 17%. In Texas Hold 'Em a hand is said to be dominated if another player has a similar, and better, hand. Texas Hold'em Poker Rules. When deciding which hands to play in Texas Holdem, your position going to be one of the most important factors to consider. The goal of a Texas hold'em game is to use your hole cards in combination with the community cards to make the best possible five. Poker hand ranges can also be presented in the form of range strands. Odds of being dealt AA The probability of being dealt AA is 0. . Three of the five community cards come into play on the flop, and it is your first chance to make your best five-card. Also known as the bullets or rockets, Aces are a 4:1 favourite over pretty much any other hand. PREFLOP GUIDE FOR RAISING FIRST IN 6 Preflop Charts The ranges that follow, are the hands you should Raise First In (RFI). At a nine-handed table, the first three positions to act preflop – Under-the-Gun,. Each player's hand will be given its odds of winning and its odds of having a tie. chart below indicates the preflop equities of various matchups of poker hands when two players see a flop heads-up in Texas Hold’em poker. Bad players will hang on to their hand for far too long, hoping they'll find a way to. Then the AA is a 81. There are actually 1,326 combinations of starting hands if you count suits (e. The following Texas Holdem odds table highlights some common probabilities that you may encounter in Hold'em. There are two general rules for a hand’s playability relating to equity realization: The stronger a hand is, the more equity it will realize. We present here just a few examples of Texas Hold'em odds: Preflop odds. Royal Flush. The Mathematical Value of Being Suited. In poker, starting hands can be classified as either suited or off-suited. A poker hand simulator to calculate hand winning odds at a Texas Hold'em game. Because we have to make this choice every hand, one can argue that it is the most crucial decision in poker. Underpair against two suited, connecting overcards (AKs vs. Limping is rarely a good play. Poker Odds Charts. * Odds are calculated via randomized simulation assuming no one ever folds. AK plays excellently as a 3bet also. You should 3-bet and 4-bet in Texas Holdem i f you’re dealt these hole cards:For example, if you have two cards of the same suit in Texas Hold’em and are hoping to make a flush, your odds of hitting that flush on the flop are approximately 1 in 3, or 33. Pot odds are one of the most fundamental concepts that every player needs to understand. At the start of each round, the big blind position rotates around the table so at some point every player will have their turn to make this forced bet. When looking at poker ranges, you can. Pocket Queens ( QQ) is a great starting hand. These provide your Pre-Flop Ranges depending on your position, as explained below. The Poker Odds Calculator. Continuation bet (c-bet) is one of the most common plays made in poker, and it is a part of any successful poker betting strategy. Usually, you want about 10:1 odds for set mining, meaning if the preflop bet is $10 and you have $100 in your stack,. 2% and 2. You’re playing in a pot limit game with $2/$5 blinds. In Texas Hold’em, understanding preflop play is crucial. With a gutshot straight plus flush combo draw, you have a 41. The program calculates preflop for all players at the table, whether you know their cards or not. Flop: The first three community cards that are revealed to all players in Texas Hold’em. You can now check on the flop, the CO bets and you can wait for. How to Play Pre-Flop: Calling with a Marginal Hand. 18. As a bonus you will also learn the nicknames of the different hands. Texas Holdem Pre Flop Odds (10 Player Game) This table shows the 169 different hole card combinations (starting hands) in Texas Holdem. Reward = 1. To get the exact winning probability of your starting hand pre-flop just move your mouse to the column and the row that are representing your card value. 033% of the time. But if you are playing live, or are up against a very tight opponent in an online cash game, then it. 0. With deeper stacks, hands like these function well against as 3-bet bluffs for three main reasons: You make a lot of. Pocket Kings have one fundamental flaw when compared to pocket aces: the. 18-to-1 odds against). The best way to calculate precise pre-flop odds is to use a dedicated poker odds calculator. Odds of Winning with Pocket Queens (QQ) – Graph Included. Ultimate Texas Hold’em. 000002% chance!How to use the poker odds calculator. During each round, new cards are dealt: three on the flop, one on the turn, and one on the river. These tables are computed by simulating or enumerating millions or billions of hands to give some useful numbers for playing poker. 5/1 (11. 13/06/16 50nlz – the date I started taking notes, and the stake 50 No-Limit Zoom – floats flop with QT 3bet 8xxs w/o BDFD – He called a bet with QT on an 8 high board without any backdoor draws – C3bet Ipw AK, call cbet K44 raised turn barrel Q – Called a 3bet in position with AK, called continuation bet K44 and raised the turn – CC OOP A3o, XminR. Have no fear! Use the following start hand tips to get up to speed as quickly as possible with a. The more connected your 2 cards are, the more equity your hand will realize. Pre-flop Probabilities: Pocket Pairs. Odds of receiving a specific pocket pair: 0. Sixteen cards are removed from the deck (2s, 3s, 4s, 5s), so the 6-card is the lowest card in the deck. The Gap Concept is the theory that we should have a tighter preflop range for calling a raise than we would for raising first in. Read full Silver Oak Casino review. Omaha Hi Lo Preflop Odds. read. The. Short-stack poker strategy is fundamentally different from deep-stacked strategy. 1. Texas Holdem 10 Player Preflop Odds. There are 1326 different possible pairs of cards that players can get -- the best one being two Aces. This is an easy call with J5s. Odds Preflop Texas Holdem : Yes. Suppose you’re playing a $0. There are 13 ranks, and you can have any combination of each as your hole cards: 13 x 13 = 169. 27o is particularly bad at full ring games. The "+" after each pocket pair simply means that pocket pair or better. 66): 66 will win 55% of the time. A pre-flop and post-flop odds calculator for Texas Holdem. Our free and easy-to-use Odds Calculator. 6-Max Implementable GTO Charts. It uses the Monte-Carlo simulation to provide you reliable statistics. Royal Flush: Ace, King, Queen, Jack, and a Ten of the same suit, such as A♣ K♣ Q♣ J♣ T♣. Preflop limping occurs when a player enters the pot for the price of the big blind – without raising. 5 Handed = 40%. if you have 2 pairs after the flop – you’ll make a full house or better 16. Texas Holdem Heads-Up Preflop Odds. Ive been looking for a poker studying app just like this for a while and finally found one!. In other words, these are the hands you should play preflop when the action folds to you, and you should play them by raising. Plus, they might fail to get the maximum value out of their small and medium pairs. This gives you ample opportunity to find bluff 3bets, +EV preflop calls, and to be proactive in your postflop line creation. Because of. In the case of Texas Hold'em, there's the 2 pocket cards and 5 on the board. Two-way straight hands flop a straight . Texas Hold ’em has three betting rounds after the initial preflop round. Odds of being dealt AA The probability of being dealt AA is 0. [2] But in heads-up action, the player on the button posts the small blind. Two middle cards. 1. This is when the dealer distributes two face down cards to each player. So the odds aren’t in your favor. All of the deuces to fives are removed to make the total deck just 36 cards. Odds or receiving any pocket pair: 5. Once the players look at their hole cards, the preflop betting round begins. Pre-flop raise percentage. Simulate different board runouts and hole cards, and learn how different ranges are affected. Don’t get married to your hand. The first picture is the tightest range that would result in a favorable call with 22, and the second picture is the tightest range that would result in a favorable call with AK. QQ is commonly referred to as a coin flip in poker. A suited ace-queen, also called Little SLick or Big Chick, is also one of the best starting hands in Texas Hold'em. The strongest starting hand in Holdem. Calculating Pre-Flop Poker Probabilities - YouTube. The flop is the most important of the four because it almost always defines how the hand progresses. Instructions: Enter hole cards and 0, 3, 4, or 5 community cards to see the odds* of winning pre-flop, after the flop, turn, or river (respectively). Here are 10 essential poker charts to help your preflop poker game. Even bottom pair is five outs against a bigger pair. Acting first would give the bb too much power. Make solid 3 or 4 BB raises when entering an un-opened pot. You square up your hole cards. In a tournament with no antes, you’d be getting 3:1 which is still good enough to call; so based on the pot odds alone, it is never correct to fold pre-flop. In short-stack poker pre-flop equity is the only thing you really care about. Suited connectors, such as 98s, hit the most flops out of any type of hand, because they can flop straight draws and flush draws in addition to pairs. Poker odds can be used to. Suited hands are generally considered more valuable than off-suited hands because they have the potential to form flushes, which can be a strong hand. In Texas Hold’em, the aforementioned A♠ K♠ and 9♥ 7♥ count as suited hands. Preflop Poker Strategy Tip 1: Only play a small percentage of the hands you are dealt. During every betting session, our pot odds is 5-to-1. Get 150,000 Gold Coins for $10, plus get 30 FREE Sweeps Coins. P = 1/19,600. Knowing that you have the advantage of holding better hands pre-flop, you will be just winning against their range of cards in the long run. You can either grab my Texas Holdem preflop charts or get a free trial. View details Get driving directions to Mount Airy Casino Resort : Oct 28,2021 . 66): 66 will win about 52% of the time. Also known as the cowboys, Kings are an absolute monster hand preflop with only better hand being Aces. 2. 1) Know the value of your starting hands. Raise more if there are limpers before you. Other than that, use a search engine using the terms "poker" "hand" "matchups", or some other variation with "preflop" and "probability" in there. Download them at Upswingpoker. 3 Answers. The spot: A heads-up, 3-bet pot in which you are out of position after your preflop 3-bet was called. Underpair against two suited, connecting overcards (AKs vs. Pick the poker variation you're playing in the top drop-down menu and the number of players in the hand (you can add in up to five players). Top strategy tips for preflop betting: Don’t be afraid to bet or raise. A common bet sizing mistake in poker that players make is that they don’t choose the appropriate bet sizes for their c-bets. 01/$0. Omaha Hi-Lo Preflop Hand Values. Then it moves. 66% chance. com Starting Hands Chart for No Limit Texas Hold'em shows you which hands you should play and how you should play them. That probability goes up slightly if one of the aces and one of the kings share the same suit. Thus the odds of being dealt aces in any hand are 6 to 1,320 or 1 to 221 (or 0. When a player goes all-in, they commit all chips in front of them into the current pot. Overvaluing these hands pre-flop and investing too many chips. Most poker players are familiar with the notion that you should never limp. Holdem preflop chartHeads up preflop chart Using preflop range chartsPoker preflop charts players jogo. Or prove that you made the right play based on the odds shown in the 888poker Poker Calculator. The Texas Hold'em odds for each of the different situations have been given in both percentage and ratio odds, so use whichever format you feel comfortable with. The standard preflop raise however is about 3 or 4 BBs, which is fine for calling in an attempt to hit. texas-hold-em. Premium Pairs (JJ-AA): The highest pairs are the most the valuable starting hands to have in Texas Hold’em. In almost all cases, you want to raise and re-raise with them preflop,. 43%: Percent that pocket aces will beat a flopped straight flush draw. Against offsuit overcards, a pocket pair will have at least 52. It also does well against all pairs, except for KK and pocket aces. He gets to see what his opponent does before needing to act. There are 169 hand combinations in Texas Hold’em, and they can fit nicely on a 13×13 board, with suited hands in the top right, offsuit hands in the bottom left, and pocket pairs running through the top left to bottom right diagonal. )*. As a beginner or even intermediate player, hands that may look great - such as an off-suit Q-J or J-10 - are simply going to lose you money in the long run. Hand Name. Place the burn card face down on top of. 67%. g. Nowadays (2023) almost all preflop range charts are based on GTO (Game Theory Optimal) ranges. If the opponent has a suited hand, then sometimes it gets very close to a flip (50% vs. Therefore, the odds of a specific card appearing in the flop is 1/50, or 2%. Thus, 2/4 Limit Hold'em means the max bet during a hand is $4. Poker odds calculator information. Hitting your card on the flop only to end up with the second best hand can be very costly. 84% of the time. When holding a Flush draw, there are always 9 cards remaining in the deck that can complete our Flush draw. A♣-A♦ and A♠-A♥ are different hands), but that is more of a “just for fun” number as suits have no value over each other in Texas Hold’em. Short Deck Hold'em – also known as Six Plus (6+) Hold'em – is No-Limit Hold'em played with a stripped-down deck. There are 12 unique ways of getting dealt AA (Ac first As second, AcAd, AcAd, AsAc, AsAd, AsAh, AdAc, AdAh, AdAs, AhAc, AhAd, AhAs). Or prove that you made the right play based on the odds shown in the 888poker Poker Calculator. GET THE CHARTS NOW. As per standard in the ranking of poker hands, you’re going to generally want to play cards with the greatest chance of making strong hands. Pre-flop Strategy – Starting Hand Rankings: Groups 0 to 2. 98% chance of seeing a competed straight on the flop. 67%. 3-bet larger preflop when you will be out of position postflop. Consequently, bluffing is a necessary part of the game. 100% up to $1000 and $8 free . The dealer button in Texas Holdem poker is in the best position, and each position to the right of the button is the next best position. Yes, 55 is a good hand to try to get a cheap look at the flop with. Example: 9 6 , 7 2 , K 10 , 6 3 , Q 5. Hand vs. Texas Holdem Heads-Up Preflop Odds. Here are the most important odds for making poker Straight Texas Holdem hands: * The odds of flopping a Straight is 1,04% when you have any connected starting hand. This means that for every $1 we bet, we stand to win $5. Free Poker. Another preflop program that is used most naturally in short-stacked tournament and sit-n-go situations, ICMIZER can also handle committing 3-bet and 4-bet situations one might encounter. Games Optima Poker Trainer. 3. Each player is dealt one card at a time face down, starting the player in the small blind (the direct left of the button). Short Deck Hold’em Poker Strategy: Preflop Play. 10 General Tips Regarding SPR. Forget about all these Pre Flop Charts to get the precise winning odds of your Hole Cards in Texas Hold'em Poker: The PreFlopper Poker Calculators are simple-to-use applications that will help you develop a solid pre-flop playing strategy for Texas Hold'Em, Omaha, Omaha HiLo, Stud and Razz Poker. 5. 33-to-1 odds). 6% favorite, and you should only call if you are getting 4. The best option is probably. The bb could just raise 1 bb and give the sb 4:1 pot odds on a steal. Case 3: you share no suits. Download PreFlopper - The Pre Flop Poker Odds Calculator for Texas Hold'em, Razz, Stud and Omaha Poker. RAISE: bet more than the player who. 1. where aa is the amout of the all-in. Holdem Preflop Odds. It runs the game hundreds of times within milliseconds and. How to play with all-in in a late trounament stage when effective stacks are less than 12BB. 3*aa. 37%; Pocket. The cards are dealt clockwise around the table until each player has two cards. 5 Tips for Slowing Down a. There are ( 52 2) = 1326 different possible pairs of cards that players can get. Fixed limit Hold'em is a form of Texas Hold'em where the max bet is fixed according to the rules. Below are some basic and essential pre-flop and flop odds and probabilities to learn. Two undercards. 5. Questions? Refer to our Poker Hand Calculator FAQ page. Raise your edge and know the exact EV of the decision to make the best GTO snapshove runout range. For this reason, many players call this Six-Plus Hold'em. Have fun letting your friends know that they made a less than optimal move against you in a home game. What hands to play pre-flop; The Starting Hands Chart;. [3] Just as at a full table, the small blind is half of the big blind. 66): 66 will win 55% of the time. The first thing we’ll look at is poker probability, specifically the probability of any given card appearing on the flop, turn, or river. preflop play odds of flopping a flush draw preflop 8. 2 Hand = 78%. There are 169 different starting hands you can be dealt in Hold'em. Note: Want to upgrade your poker skills? Get free preflop charts here and start playing like a pro before the flop. When you’re reading an article from the. Texas Holdem and Omaha Holdem odds calculators and. The Pocket Pair has the upper hand here (no pun intended) with about 85% to 15%, while in case the other pair is suited the odds change to 80% to 20% at best. The positions around a table in an 8-player game, clockwise from the. Converter & Replayer 3-bet Pot Strategies Doug Vs Daniel Insight PLO Preflop Guide The Laws Of Live Poker Level-Up Podcast Hold'em Preflop. The rules of Texas Hold'em are just the beginning so head to our Other notes: The dealer will often take one card off the top of the deck before turning over the flop, turn and river for a total of three cards. Win More Hands! The Play To Win Texas Hold'em Pre-Flop Odds Calculator is fast, fun and easy to use. He explains that if you use his strategy, you’ll keep the house edge to between 2. However, knowing the odds of common pre-flop match-ups is a good starting point. Get FREE Coaching! Show more!. In terms of raw preflop equity KK is almost 69% favorite over 31% when you have AK. Put more straightforward, it usually refers to the percentage chance that you’ll win a hand at any given point. Every Texas Hold'em cash games and tournament features four betting rounds: preflop, the flop, the turn, and the river. Straight Flush: five cards in a row with the same suit that is not A-high, such as – T♠ 9♠ 8♠ 7♠ 6♠. 7% chance of making your hand on either the turn or river (1. 46%: Percent that you will be dealt pocket aces (1 in 221 hands)In Texas Holdem, broadway two cards that form a pair have the biggest amount of equity. Not too many players realise it yet, but preflop pot odds in poker are hugely overrated. Texas Hold'em Starting Hands; Poker Games; Odds for Dummies; 10 Tips for Winning Online;. 5%. You can use this calculator while playing or reviewing past hands to work out the odds of you winning or losing. The program calculates preflop for all players at the table, whether you know their cards or not. 5. All other starting hands are in the offsuit category, like A♠8 ♦, 7♣5 ♥ and K ♥ 9 ♦. Playing aces in Texas Hold'em. RFE = 0. That’s why our go-to play with them is 3-betting. I know 2 commercial applications for calculating perfect preflop push/fold range tables: Holdem Resource Calculator and Icmizer 2. In fact, you should always be thinking about poker odds - yours and your opponents' - when making decisions. If you miss — which happens about 88% of the time — you will fold your hand as soon as you are faced with a bet. That equates to 76-to-1 odds against. An Online Poker Odds Calculator is an incredibly. Nate's Holdem Classic: Odds tables and well illustrated articles to help you become a more knowledgeable Texas Holdem player. Specify the cards of the board (for example, the flop or the whole board). How to calculate hand percentages. The three removed cards are called the burn cards. 2. Not only is the card you need unlikely to come (like all gutshots), that same card may give your opponent a higher straight, which may lead to you lose a lot of chips. What’s most important is that you fully understand how odds work, because now we’re going to apply this knowledge of odds to the game of poker. This formula can be calculated in. It's a zip file of all PF matchups in table form I think. Texas Holdem Pre Flop Charts; Preflop+ is the only GTO poker equity odds calculator trainer app you need to upswing improve and drill your preflop range analysis when you are shortstacked and facing snapshove decision at the tables. Your opponent has 4 ♥ and 9 ♠. Using the ‘outs’ to calculate Texas Hold’em poker odds. Use these preflop charts when playing at a 6-handed table 100bbs deep against tough opponents with no ante. 1. After the blinds and antes have been posted, the cards are dealt. What’s most important is that you fully understand how odds work, because now we’re going to apply this knowledge of odds to the game of poker. Each player stays until one player runs out of chips, at which point the game ends. Texas Hold’em is the most popular poker variation in the world and BetOnline. 86% whereas your opponent has just an 11. Preflop range charts. Let’s use MDF and pot odds to analyze the following hand history from both players’ perspectives. A deck contains 52 cards, and we are dealt two cards preflop, meaning there are 50 unknown cards that could appear on the flop. Our poker odds calculator runs a simulation of the same hand you give it hundreds of times within a few milliseconds, and reports back instantly on the winning. 43s is playable if you can get in for cheap preflop in position at a full ring table, but it is a. Let’s calculate my odds now assuming ranges for the villain. Get bonus. 3-Betting Pre-Flop. After every player has two hole cards, the. 33% pot odds. During the final 2 rounds of the hand, your bets must be in increments of $6. Preflop . The odds of being dealt an A are 15% and (because the odds of being dealt a pair are 5. One of the most difficult and yet crucial decisions you will make when playing no limit Texas holdem will be whether to even play your hand. In games like Texas Holdem, the very first round is called the preflop round. Move down the row to the right and find the column that corresponds with your position at the table. Unlike other poker-based games, raises made after the ante still have action, even if the dealer doesn't open. Our poker odds calculator runs. In reality, 22 has a slight edge against AK when all in preflop, being a 52% favourite (assuming nothing is known about the suits of the hands). So how does the free tool stack up against the existing offerings?100BB Exploitative Preflop Charts. Texas Holdem and Omaha Holdem odds calculators and preflop odds. When you plug the numbers in, you get: RFE = 3 / 3+1. Use our Texas Hold'em Poker Hand Calculator to calculate poker hand odds given a specific game setup. You can use this calculator while playing or reviewing past hands to work out the odds of you winning or losing. When postflop play doesn’t matter, then you would be happier holding QQ every time, it simply has more equity. Pocket Kings Strategy. 1) The Coin Flip: One Pair vs Two Overcards Examples: Q♠ Q♣ vs A♣ K♦; 8♦ 8♥ vs K♣ Q♥The tools and tips you need to improve your poker game. All Texas Hold’em starting hands can be separated into two categories: “suited” and “offsuit”. Be sure you adhere to proper poker folding rules and etiquette when you fold by keeping your cards. Pick the poker variation you're playing in the top drop-down menu and the number of players in the hand (you can add in up to five players). There are three sets of charts. KK – Second best in the game, you only slow down the aggression if you see an Ace on the flop. Working with poker odds is your first step on the road to mastery of the mathematical side of poker. 1957 or roughly 19. In this work we determine the odds of each. 12 in 2652 is equivalent to 1 in 221, so there is a 1/221 = 0. Wizard of Odds puts the house edge at 2. PREFLOP GUIDE FOR RAISING FIRST IN 6 Preflop Charts The ranges that follow, are the hands you should Raise First In (RFI). If you want to know which hands to play before the flop in No Limit Hold'em, and when to play them, download the free preflop guide below. Download Article. If there is no raise preflop, the big blind may check. Straight Flush. Against pocket kings, you will already have 31% to win. This hand has the added benefit of being able to draw to the nut flush, which further incentivizes to build the pot. This doesn’t mean that other hands are unplayable, simply that statistically they have a lower win percentage. The two higher cards are usually a 65% favorite to win, but it can vary depending on whether any of the cards are suited and connectors. High card, low card vs. On this list you’ll find the Top 10 Starting Hands in Texas Hold’em – these are the ones that can make you the most money. Ultimate Texas Hold’em takes part of its name from Texas Hold’em, the most popular peer-to-peer poker game in the world. Underpair against two unsuited, non-connecting overcards (AJo vs. Don’t risk your entire cash game stack pre-flop unless you. Yes, there are preflop range charts for opening, calling, 3-betting, 4-betting and all-in for all positions. Heads-up Poker Rules. Preflop Odds 2 on the App Store. The Raise First In (RFI) charts show which hands to play when everyone folds to you. Pocket queens strategy evaluation. Many schools of poker make use of preflop pot odds to help them generate a basic idea regarding good preflop defending strategies. Overall %: The average percent of the pot that the hole cards win. For example, if you go all-in preflop with Pocket Aces and another player calls with Pocket Kings, there is. So the chances of being dealt any specific pair are 221:1 against, in fact with 13 possible pairs the chances of being dealt any pair go up to 16-to-1 (there are 78 pair combinations from 1326 total). JJ – The intermediate pocket pair of the Top 10 Texas Hold’em Starting Hands. You have a flush draw on the flop with 9 outs. Regarding preflop equities and the chart above, a few interesting things to. The numbers are based on 1. To use the Texas Holdem Odds Calculator, first select your starting Hole cards. The question is, how good is the best hand you automatically fold compared to other possible hands? When I first started playing I was playing all kinds of crap. There are many available resources for preflop play, but that couldn’t be said about postflop strategy. Will only pair up on the flop 1 in 3 times. The straight comes about slightly less often, making it the winner against three of a kind in the poker hand rankings. Raise 3 or 4 times the size of the big blind + 1 for each limper before the flop. 1 out of 13 times, your second card will provide you with the most powerful preflop starting hand in Hold’em! Peeling the second card, you see the emergence of a diagonal outline. Short Deck Poker is a variation of Texas Hold'em that uses a 36-card deck. The BetOnline Poker Odds Calculator is available for FREE to use exclusively in the BetOnline Poker Room for all of our customers. *. A pair of ladies performs pretty well against Big Slick but winning against A-K isn’t a certainty. 5% of all hands. In Texas Hold'em it does not make a difference whether the flop comes A K Q or A Q K. In a heads-up Texas Hold’em game where Player A holds a pair of Aces, Player B holds a pair of Kings and the flop shows, say, Q-6-2 of different suits, the latter will need to hit a third King. PokerStove is a free piece of software that allows you to calculate equity in Texas Hold’em poker.